COP27 and the UK Housing Crisis

The UK is still walking backwards as one of its top crises, housing, is put to the test.

https://actionclimateteignbridge.org/newsite/default.html 

Construction and renovation produce Co2 by the tonne and consume huge levels of unusable and seldom recycled resources.

The ground once absorbed rainwater and fixed greenhouse gases but is now covered in impermeable asphalt and concrete. So-called ‘energy efficient’ new buildings produce 1.45 tonnes of CO2 per year and use kWh/m2 of en Experimental Official Statistics based on Energy Performance Certificates per annum. use 276 kWh/m2 a year ((EPCs) - Ministry of Housing). So, no change there.

There are alternatives to concrete such as Hempcrete and Concretene (among others) and research into alternative materials is to be found all over the world.

We still accept that building a house will generate 80 tonnes of Co2 (for a cottage with two bedrooms upstairs and two reception rooms, and kitchen downstairs.

Each Member of Parliament should know that about 43 tonnes of Co2 are dumped on the world by each of their constituents annually.

Efforts to adapt the UK’s housing stock to the impacts of the changing climate: for higher average temperatures, flooding and water scarcity, are also lagging far behind what is needed to keep us safe and comfortable, even as these climate change risks grow.

Around 4.5 million homes overheat, even in cool summers; 1.8 million people live in areas at significant risk of flooding.

Average UK water consumption is higher than in many other European countries. Distributed water purification at house or street level is becoming a practical opportunity. Removing a large part of the need for massive collection and purification infrastructure is a welcome alternative and will reduce the loss of water from a national crisis of mains water leaks. Big is bad. Local is good.

Cost-effective measures to adapt the UK housing stock are not being rolled out at anywhere near the required level.

In its 2021 report ‘UK housing: Fit for the future?’ the Committee on Climate Change (CCC) warned that the UK’s legally-binding climate change targets will not be met without the near-complete elimination of greenhouse gas emissions from UK buildings. Single skinned commercial buildings are still being built!

The report finds that emissions reductions from the UK’s 29 million homes have stalled, while energy use in homes – which accounts for 14% of total UK emissions – increased between 2016 and 2017.

In the United Kingdom, renewable energy generation will need to increase by 50% by 2025 if the country is to reach its climate and energy targets.

With this in mind, a close examination of the UK Climate Risk report, an independent report to government published in early 2022, is important. This assessment takes a look forward 50 years (and beyond) being the minimum projection for the life of houses built and renovated in the next months.

It also notes that although the Paris Agreement commits the nations of the world to limit global warming to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit warming to 1.5°C, projections consistent with policies currently in place worldwide imply warming of between approximately 2°C and 5°C by the end of this century depending on the rate of greenhouse gas emissions and the response of the climate system to these emissions. This will further increase the shifts in weather patterns and extremes, further increasing mortal risks to people and biodiversity, with higher warming leading to greater risks.

Since this report was published the ‘wind drought’ of 2021/2 has reduced electricity from wind turbines by 17%. Shifts in weather patterns sometimes come as a surprise.

Around 1.8 million people in the UK already live in areas of significant flood risk. If the frequent occurrence of major flooding events continues – which it has done in the UK nearly every year since 2007 – it is estimated that the number of homes at risk of flooding will rise by 40% to 2.6 million in as little as 20 years.

Every MP, Peer and Permanent Secretary needs a tattoo on the back of their hands. It needs to read 'Climate Change Mitigation Warrior'.

Author of Climate Change House which is available here  amzn.to/3RgR4Vf

COPing out of Climate Change Protected Housing

Restoring, insuring and living in dwellings that are not climate change mitigated is far more expensive than renovating, refurbishing and re-building poorly prepared homes.

It is easy to kick the climate change can down the road but evidence of how it can affect us NOW is frightening.

The main cause of the 2022 gas price crisis has grown because of the increasing gas demand (organically, following the pandemic) and reduced gas supplies caused by the Ukraine war.

Additionally, unseasonably low wind generation in the UK (particularly in September 2021 and the winter of 2022) sometimes reduces green energy availability.

Lower pipeline gas flow from Russia to Europe (and other Europeans have similar housing problems and bigger gas supply issues), less storage capacity, and higher carbon prices have focused minds on developing carbon-reduced power. It is a narrow perspective. There is a need for a much wider view of these issues.

The home of the future will need long-term policies to keep the lights on.

Will government encourage the use of new materials and communication without wires, wifi or Bluetooth that are already appearing on the market?

Will roofs protect against heat waves without using mains power to maintain a healthy population?

In June 2022, the government introduced a new set of regulations for new housebuilders. They set new standards for ventilation, energy efficiency and heating, and state that new residential buildings must have charging points for electric vehicles.

The Federation of Master Builders says the measures will require new materials, testing methods, products and systems to be installed. Indeed so it will. The price of climate change mitigation is not cheap.

There are new government rules concerning the amount of glazing used in extensions, and any new windows or doors must be highly insulated.” The problem is that the rules will aim to reduce the size of windows that are potentially a source of a lot of solar power and, potentially, winter heating as well.

Glazing on windows, doors and roof lights must cover no more than 25% of the floor area to prevent heat loss according to the new regulations which is a rule that has already been superseded.

The regulators obviously had not seen see-through solar panes (see right Photo: Richard Lunt / Michigan State University) which need bigger windows to generate more electricity.

Some say that walls will have to be thicker in order to comply with requirements for better insulation. Alternatively, new materials may make them thinner but the building sector has not got there yet.

As properties become more airtight, the regulator says there have to be measures to ensure proper airflow, such as having small openings (trickle vents) on windows that allow ventilation when a window is closed. Tosh! Do the job properly, save the NHS billions with proper air filtration.

"In November 2021, a research team at Addenbrooke's Hospital and the University of Cambridge reported that they were able to use HEPA filter/UV steriliser air purifiers to remove most airborne traces of SARS-CoV-2 on surge wards at the hospital. The air purifiers also successfully filtered out other bacterial, fungal and viral bioaerosols (airborne particles containing living organisms).  Even pollution from traffic can be blocked."

For people extending their homes, they may be required to install a new, or replacement, heating system depending on the size of the build and have to use lower temperature water to deliver the same heat, which will require increased insulation of pipes commented insiders. Its a big rock for all these ‘experts’ to hide under. Solar water heating is getting really good. Why not use it.

So the government get 5 out of ten for initiative and 2 out of ten for understanding what is needed and possible. It can also be said that technologies are moving so fast that some of these government initiatives are passed before the ink has dried on their parchment.

Meantime we also have to consider the prospect of poor quality housing in a time of fast-expanding populations and accelerating environmental change. It will be dangerous but also a magnet for disruption by the green-eyed disadvantaged.

In the foreseeable (next 30 years), houses will need to be easily maintained and repurposed in part or whole as technologies emerge. The need and cost of structural maintenance also have to be reduced

It is not possible to think of a future house in the image of a house being built in 2022 and its close cousin that was built to house 18th-century coal miners. It is time to change.

A Million Homes Will Need to be Retrofitted for 30 years

Housing need manifests itself in a variety of ways, such as in solving increased levels of overcrowding, acute affordability issues, young people living with their parents for more extended periods, and impaired labour mobility (resulting in businesses finding it difficult to recruit and retain staff), and increased levels of homelessness. Then there is the problem of “fit for climate change dwellings”, which is the majority of all homes.

Older properties need to be updated. Around 18% of the UK's annual emissions come from existing homes, which will still be standing in 2050. 80% of 2050’s homes have already been built.

It is also widely acknowledged that the retrofit challenge is monumental. Every year over one million homes will need to be retrofitted for 30 years. We cannot afford to retrofit them twice. But if we retrofit them well, we can enjoy many environmental, social and economic benefits.

New houses need help to achieve sales. 313,043 households have now bought a home with the support of the Government’s ‘Help to Buy’ Equity Loan Scheme. The question to ask is whether the houses were built to meet the local need or were they built speculatively and required subsidies to sell them?

House price escalation has attracted fund investment resulting in circular property inflation. Meantime the housing stock cannot match the needs of a growing population (this applies in Scotland and Wales as well).

As the government White Paper puts it: “It is no longer unusual for houses to “earn” more than the people living in them. In 2015, the average home in the South East of England increased in value by £29,000, while the average annual pay in the region was just £24,542. The average London home made its owner more than £22 an hour during the working week in 2015 considerably more than the average Londoner’s hourly rate and that's over twice the minimum wage.

That’s good news if you own a property in the capital, but it’s a big barrier to entry if you don’t.

Meantime the growing move towards house prices falling is a problem. Recent figures add to evidence that, despite government subsidies, the property market is now in the grip of a downturn, with experts predicting values could fall by more than 10%. That would erase some of the gains made over the last two years.

Many houses are in poor condition, and a significant proportion of the housing stock is unused.

There were 225,845 Long-Term Vacant Dwellings in England in 2019, an increase of 9,659 (4.5%) from 216,186 in 2018. Long-term vacant dwellings at 0.9 per cent of the 2019 dwelling stock in England are an interesting underutilised housing asset.

Thus we have knowledge of the nature of the housing stock in the UK. There would seem to be a lot to be done not only to add to the housing stock but to bring the existing properties to be climate change ready.

Photo by Hisham Yahya

Smaller Government

 

Smaller Government - here's how

It is difficult for a government to implement cost-cutting policies in the short term but having made the commitment there is a need to deliver.

One of the big costs is the employment of huge numbers of civil servants.  The plan here is quite long-term and involves the reform of Royal Chartered Institutions but in beginning the process, the government can claim to be making fundamental changes.

Royal Charters, granted by the sovereign on the advice of the Privy Council, have a history dating back to the 13th century. They work in the public interest (such as professional Institutions and charities) and can demonstrate pre-eminence, stability and permanence in their particular field (The Carpenters’ Company is a City of London Livery Company. It received its first royal charter in 1477).

There are many Chartered Institutions such as the RIBA, RICS, RTPI, The Academy of Medical Royal Colleges, The Chartered College of Teaching and so forth. For the most part, membership is confined to people who are qualified to be members and mostly, there are ranks of members to cater for levels of competence. Membership is also limited to people who pay a subscription.

There are requirements to have achieved a level of competence to practice.

Thus, for example, members are educated and mandated to be good at what they do. It follows that such Institutions have a considerable role in ensuring best practices and have a role to play in monitoring failed performance of members.

The Institutes already exist but are in many ways acting with little by way of mandate.

Shifting the current cost and quality of managing high levels of performance from the government to the professions is a method for significantly reducing staffing costs and, at the same time, improving the quality of public sector management.

There is a need to mandate the Institutions to recruit and educate members and provide Continuous Professional Development for the lifetime of membership. The cost would be borne by the Institution and paid for by the membership.

In a reformed structure, no government agency will be allowed to use or employ people without a relevant qualification to practice. Government agencies will be financially liable for all remedial activity for poor performance by anyone other than a professional practitioner and responsible public sector managers will lose their qualification (and membership of for example the Chartered Management Institute) to practice. 

In the private sector organisations will have to insure against any unprofessional activities of employees. 

There is also a need to recognise different levels of learning and class of activity that members can undertake as, for example, a postgraduate internship, basic membership, professional membership and Fellows for example.

This has the advantage that different stages in the development of practice can be benchmarked for earnings set against the minimum wage. An example might be an intern receiving the minimum wage plus 5%,  membership plus 10% over the minimum wage, professional qualification at 15% and so forth. This would remove the need for wage negotiation and would have be agreed by members of the Institution.  It would set the range of payment based on the national minimum wage, recognising that, in the first instance, remuneration would have to be competitive or members would not be able to find employment.

With such examples, the public sector would not have to pay for education and training, wage negotiation and other non-productive activities. It would also mean that occasional/part-time professional requirements can be entered into with the secure knowledge that a professional would be employed as needed.

There are further standards to be applied. 

Institutes would be mandated to monitor the quality of performance of their members.

The Institutes would be mandated to insure against poor/unprofessional performance by members.

Poor performance of members should entail the removal of membership from their Chartered Institute. 

 Where Institutes are poor at monitoring and enforcing best practices, they should lose Charter status (and after six months of remedial activity, could apply to recover Charter status from the Privy Council).

Supporting the Ukraine

 There is a considerable need for funds to contribute towards the Ukrainian war and post-war rebuilding.

To pay for current refugees there is considerable pressure on the government to spend more money. There has to be another way to make a significant contribution to the international initiatives in hand.

The method proposed is to invite the population to subscribe to a Ukraine Peace Investment Fund. It is the population making a contribution and not the taxpayer.

Picture DAVID GUTTENFELDER / THE NEW YORK TIMES

The mechanism will be through  ‘Ukraine Peace Mini Guilts’ structured so that ordinary citizens can buy them monthly or annually. The guilts will be a fund administered by the F.O. and will immediately increase payments to people who have Ukraine refugees in their care or to house those who are or have lost their accommodation.

Thereafter funds will be deployed to rebuild roads, water and electricity supplies, schools, hospitals and other public infrastructure in Ukraine.  At a time when there is a need to protect employment, the work will be undertaken with UK tradespeople taking a proportion of the jobs to re-enforce the Ukraine professional and labour force at a time of rising UK unemployment.

Ukraine will be short of human resources because of war losses and with the UK construction industry laying off people will provide jobs for UK citizens.

The mini guilt interest payment will be provided by the Ukraine government receipts from public services (water, electricity etc, etc.). The capital needed at the end of the Guilt’s term will come from the sale of assets created in the process.

The 30 Year House - Part 2

 Will government encourage the use of new materials and communication without wires, wifi or Bluetooth that are already appearing on the market?

Will roofs protect against heat waves without using mains power to maintain a healthy population?

In June 2022, the government introduced a new set of regulations for new house builders. They set new standards for ventilation, energy efficiency and heating, and state that new residential buildings must have charging points for electric vehicles.

The Federation of Master Builders says the measures will require new materials, testing methods, products and systems to be installed. Indeed so it will. The price of climate change mitigation is not cheap.

There are new government rules concerning the amount of glazing used in extensions, and any new windows or doors must be highly insulated.” The problem is that the rules will aim to reduce the size of windows that are potentially a source of a lot of solar power.

Some say that walls will have to be thicker in order to comply with requirements for better insulation. Alternatively, new materials may make them thinner but the building sector has not got there yet.

Glazing on windows, doors and roof lights must cover no more than 25% of the floor area to prevent heat loss according to the new regulations which is a rule that has already been superseded.

As properties become more airtight, the regulator says there have to be measures to ensure proper airflow, such as having small openings (trickle vents) on windows that allow ventilation when a window is closed. Tosh! Do the job properly, save the NHS billions with proper air filtration.

For people extending their homes, they may be required to install a new, or replacement, heating system depending on the size of the build and have to use lower temperature water to deliver the same heat, which will require increased insulation of pipes commented insider. Its a big rock for all these ‘experts’ to hide under. Solar water heating is getting really good. Why not use it.

So the government get 5 out of ten for initiative and 2 out of ten for understanding what is needed and possible. It can also be said that technologies are moving so fast that some of these government initiatives are passed before the ink has dried on their parchment.

Meantime we also have to consider the prospect of poor quality housing in a time of fast-expanding populations and accelerating environmental change will be dangerous but also a magnet for disruption by the green-eyed disadvantaged.

In the foreseeable (next 30 years), houses will need to be easily maintained and repurposed in part or whole as technologies emerge. The need and cost of structural maintenance also have to be reduced.

Below is a whole chapter on finance. We have to examine how homes will be fnanced. There will be new forms of finance emerging to unstitch the excesses of builder speculation going back a couple of centuries.

It is not possible to think of a future house in the image of a house being built in 2022 and its close cousin that was built to house 18th-century coal miners.

For more see Climate Change House available from Amazon amzn.to/3RgR4Vf 

The 30 Year House - part 1

A large proportion of our existing homes in the UK are over 50 years old. It follows that modernising and building new homes will require the relevant professions to look into the future.

What will a house look like in 2050?

We have to peer into the future and hope that we are right. What is certain from the COP26 conference (26th UN climate change Conference of the Parties (COP26) Glasgow 2021) is that small steps spell doom.

Go into a modern housing estate. Look up. Are the gutters big? If not, they are not ready for the record-breaking tempests climate change will deliver this year and next. The architect who designs such fixtures should be banned from the Royal Society. Or, perhaps the Royal Institution of Chartered Architects (RICA) should relinquish its Charter status so its members can create rubbish houses without embarrassing the Queen. It is now time to create and build for the future and well beyond the minimum standards introduced by the hosts of COP26, the British Government.

Let’s be certain about this. Restoring, insuring and living in dwellings that are not climate change mitigated is far more expensive than renovating, refurbishing and re-building poorly prepared homes.

It is easy to kick the climate change can down the road but evidence of how it can affect us NOW is frightening but there are some drivers lining up.

The main cause of the 2022 gas price crisis has grown because of the increasing gas demand (organically, following the pandemic) and reduced gas supplies caused by the Ukraine war. Additionally, unseasonably low wind generation in the UK (particularly in September 2021 and the winter of 2022) reduced green energy availability.

Lower pipeline gas flows from Russia to Europe (and other Europeans have similar housing problems and bigger gas supply issues), less storage capacity, and higher carbon prices have focused minds on developing carbon-reduced power. It is a narrow perspective. There is a need for a much wider view of these issues.

The home of the future will need long-term policies to keep the lights on.

My book Climate Change House covered these subjects in greater detail and points to robust research.

Solve NHS manning issues

The second biggest NHS problem is professional manpower.

Fast-evolving diagnosis using AI and automation can provide tangible support to overworked physicians with systems that are designed to minimize stress and increase time spent with patients.

The United Kingdom is behind OECD averages for medical imaging scanners per million population, with much equipment across CT, MRI, PET-CT, X-ray and Ultrasound outdated.  Additionally, there are challenges with space and capacity across existing Trust estates, some of which have become outmoded.

There is a huge range of technologies that can be automated. Many of them can be used in diagnostics.

The big problem is in rolling them out to every community.

The answer is to develop ‘walk-in’ health monitoring, automated diagnosis and triage and NHS phone apps.

From automated cancer diagnosis (now available but very recently for most cancers) to common health checks, such facilities would deploy the most up-to-date technologies with reporting going to the patient, GP and other medical practitioners agreed by the patient.

Once again such centres would be located on high streets to help high-street commerce.

Funding has to come from the NHS Bond.

Fast Track For More Energy

One of the big drivers of inflation is the cost of energy. We need a way of creating more and reducing costs. This is how:

Energy usage is high during the daytime and low at night.  A mechanism to level out this difference would lower the average cost of power and the more we can distance our energy usage from the international cost of energy, the better.

The answer is, of course, storing energy at its lowest price and releasing it at times of peak demand. 

Creating a distributed battery capability is a simple solution.

It does require fast-track government action.

The planning authorities should be mandated to create space for big (ISO container-sized) batteries at or near all electricity transformer sites across the country.

The energy companies will be told that they will avoid a windfall tax to the extent that they install the batteries. They will make a profit by buying electricity at night when it is cheap and will sell it during the day when it is expensive. Sourcing the batteries will have to be from manufacturers with the ability to manufacture in relatively sufficient volume to a standard acceptable to the energy companies.

This will be a five-year contract when they will receive a lump sum for the batteries from any sales they make, in effect a ‘battery investment bond’.

Mechanisms will include 

1. A National Grid scheme to register Big Battery manufacturers as capable to manufacture with TQM quality, and capacity to manufacture, install and make operational at the rate of several units per month.

2. The installations assurance will be by a visit from a qualified engineer paid for by the manufacturer and licenced by the National Grid at the rate £1000 per licence for each manufacturing factory. 

3. Licences will be completed within 20 days of application by the manufacturer and the Grid will face a financial penalty of £10,000 if it fails to comply.

4. This creates a tendency to favour UK manufacturers, create jobs and grow UK manufacturing and hurries up the role out of the scheme.

5. The energy companies subject to a potential windfall tax will manage and pay for the completed manufacture, installation and subsequent operation.

6. These companies will have the windfall tax reduced by a sum of money equivalent to 100% of the cost of battery manufacturing, installation and operational completion (with a Grid contract in place). 

7. Windfall tax reduction will come into effect 30 days after operational execution.

End Bed - Blocking

 

NHS

The NHS and social care need money. The government does not have it. It is a huge part of government expenditure.

The first big problem for hospitals is bed blocking.

The solution is to create ‘convalescent’ accommodations in high streets (to encourage high street footfall, use existing transport infrastructure and encourage friends and relatives to spend with small businesses - a win for local retailers). This would provide accommodation for patients who are ‘bed blocking’ for want of social care.

The capital investment for the convalescent centres project will be funded with new ‘NHS Bonds’ available to the public as well as financial Institutions.  

The capital will be used to convert (nightingale hospital style fast refurbishment) existing high street buildings into the range of beds and accommodation needed. 

The accommodation will also include small retail units providing goods and services that visitors can use plus restaurants/cafes for patients and visitors. 

These will provide revenues to support running costs. Other forms of revenue will come from electricity storage using building energy harvesting and trading in low to high-cost electricity activity using big batteries (which can also provide emergency electricity backup). Patients will also be expected to contribute to their care too.

Income will also have to be independent of the NHS budget and pay interest to bondholders.

Management will be vested in local people and not big conglomerates.

End-of-term NHS Bonds capital will be raised through the sale of leaseholds in the properties.

Lets get vertical and save the planet.

Vertical windmill sculptures are fun but are also a serious subject. Can they be an alternative to the big windmills used in wind farms on land and sea?

What if you turned the idea sideways, and created a turbine that could spin like a carousel? And what if you made a turbine small enough to sit on top of a building or inside an urban park? Could the result produce enough power to really matter? 

In the last two decades, a flurry of interest in expanding renewable energy in cities has attracted the attention of a large number of inventors and artists, many of whom see the vertical axis wind turbine as promising.

There is no single design for these upended wind catchers, but all share one key aspect: the blades turn around an axis that points skyward. 

They are now considered to be an alternative to the big windmills used in wind farms on land and sea. In some cases, they are more productive than the ones you see from the beach.

The size of these windmills varies but they can be rooftop size and offer power generation in the dead of night as well. They can also be attractive too.

How do we fund Climate Change mitigation

 At present I am focused on funding improved policies for mitigating the effects of Climate Change in the housing sector.

In the UK drought and its associated wild fires destroyed houses and increased pressure on the NHS, among other issues.

But such expenditure may well be poorly placed.

The Building Research Establishment shows the annual costs to the NHS of poor quality and hazardous housing at £1.4 billion. This rises to £18.5 billion p.a. when wider societal costs are included (long term care, mental health etc.).

Peter Freeman, the chairman of the government quango Homes England, reports its own investment on behalf of the government. He says “Our partners include Barclays, Lloyds Banking Group and M&G. In March 2020, we announced a £10m investment in M&G Investments new Shared Ownership Fund. Homes England’s early participation catalysed £177m of initial institutional investment, a first step towards the fund’s £825m target capital raised. Over the next five years the fund will develop more than 2,000 new affordable shared ownership homes in partnership with housing associations across England. This deal highlights the commitment Homes England has to supporting the growth and evolution of housing in institutional portfolios.” Are such affordable homes part of new housing estates or monoculture crescents of old peoples?

Call all this money £20/40 billion by including savings to the NHS. Asking the NHS to invest in re-furbished dwellings to save all or part of £1,4 billion is going to be a tough ask but simply implemented.

Filtering air entering a building to remove 99% of particulate from vehicles (a main cause of lung diseases), cold, flu and covid viruses and much more would be a significant investment alongside insulation of roofs, walls and floors and removal of heat bridges. Mitigating Climate Change can also make the nation healthier.

The pledges from the financial institutions have not been included in the above resources and there are also Local Government funds available too.

The 2022 Queen’s Speech promised even more cost to the Treasury and another attempt to add further to the current mish mash of money, regulation ‘incentives’ and Climate Change mitigation (and confusion with global warming).

There is more but it makes the point. There are some dwellings that are of a high standard out of the 24 million homes in the UK but not many.

It seems that there is quite a lot of money floating around to do a stunning job and upgrade our homes against Climate Change. What is silly is that there are large sums of money cast across a lot of homes and therefore of little consequence at the sharp end. People are to a varying degree inspired by this largesse; some even do nothing at all!

There is a case for a comprehensive review of what money is being sloshed around and for what purpose.

Let's look at three examples:

There are other investments that can be included in refurbishment such as electricity saving devices including light bulbs, low power washing machines and solar powered and energy creating street lights. Other forms of cost reduction that can attract funding are estate wide battery storage facilities (of which more later) to keep the lights on at night and offer over capacity power to the National Grid or independent customers. Then there is the use of a local bottled water company selling estate harvested water. Providing automated street services such as lighting, street cleaning and grass cutting etc. has a value too and can attract funding. All these stakeholder provided services can be bundled up into a package that can be valuable investments and funded and managed by the private sector and will also help to slim down tax payer funded government.

The Public Private Partnership scheme whereby financial institutions fund capital assets and services are wide open to abuse and can be restructured to support the housing crisis.

Tracing the path of taxpayers, financial institutions and revenue streams in the housing sector needs to be closely managed. It needs the security and real life and real time auditing. This is an excellent case for using blockchains to provide immutable evidence of delivery and quality.

All of these issues are covered in Climate Change House which is available from Amazon:

http://amzn.to/3RgR4Vf